Aesculus hippocastanum - Horse chestnut

Aesculus hippocastanum, generally known as horse chestnut, is a summer green deciduous tree from the family of soap tree plants (Sapindaceae). The species is originally native to the mountain regions of the Balkans, especially in northern Greece and Albania, but was cultivated and overgrown in Central Europe and beyond. Due to its magnificent appearance and its robust nature, it is one of the most famous and most popular parking and all trees.

Morphology and appearance

Aesculus hippocastanum can reach heights of 20 to 30 meters and has a wide, expansive crown. The trunk is covered by a smooth, gray-brown bark that forms deep furrows and dandruff with increasing age.

The leaves of the horse chestnut are arranged in a way, composed by a hand and consist of five to seven tall leaves that can be up to 25 centimeters long. These leaves are bronze colors in the output, later develop into a rich green and turn yellow-brown in autumn before falling off.

The flowering period of the horse chestnut extends from April to June, depending on the climatic conditions. The flowers are arranged in large, upright, candle -shaped inflorescences that can reach a height of 20 to 30 centimeters. Every single flower is white with yellowish or reddish spots that serve as a signal for pollinators such as bees.

In autumn, the tree develops spiky, green capsule fruits, each containing one to three glossy brown seeds - the so -called chestnuts. These seeds are rich in strength and tannins, but inedible for humans because they contain bitter substances and toxic saponins.

Distribution and habitat

Aesculus hippocastanum prefers moderate climates and thrives best on profound, fresh to moist, nutrient -rich soils. The tree is a frost hardy and tolerates a variety of ground conditions, from slightly acid to calcareous substrates.

In parks, gardens and streets, the horse chestnut is a frequently encountered tree that is planted both as a solitaire and in avenues. You can find them less frequently in forests, except in overgrown form.

Ecological importance

Horse chestnut is an important source of food for a variety of insects, especially pollinators such as bees and bumblebees, which are attracted by the sugar -containing secretions of the flowers. In addition, the trees offer habitat for birds and small mammals.

One ecological problem is the infestation by the horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella), which has caused considerable damage to the species in recent decades. The larvae of this introduced moth feed on the leaves, which leads to premature discolouration and leaf loss.

Use and meaning

The horse chestnut was historical and is still used in many ways. Their seeds are used in animal feeding and have also been used in the past to produce strength and detergents because they are rich in saponins.

In traditional medicine, extracts from seeds, bark and leaves are used. The active ingredients contained, in particular the Saponin Aescin, have anti -inflammatory, vascular and decongestant properties. These properties make horse chestnut an important part in the treatment of vein diseases, such as varicose veins or vein infections.

The decorative flowers and the striking appearance make Aesculus hippocastanum an estimated tree in landscape design, which fulfills both aesthetic and ecological functions. In many cultures, horse chestnut is also a symbol of strength and protection, which has contributed to its wide distribution as an ornamental tree.